Kubla Khan Essay Example for Free

Kubla caravansary EssayBorn in 1772 in Ottery. St., T.S.Coleridge lead a very disquiet tone in his early childhood. After his fathers death he was sent to the Christs hospital school. There he had felt a great emotional vacuum, which was the beginning of his continuos mishap health. Charles Lamb, his schoolmate, gave us an account of this period affirming that Coleridge was highly imaginative, who sought refuge in reading old romantic tales as well as Homer, Virgil, and Shakespeare.Perhaps the just about influential period in Coleridges life was the period when he met Wordsworth in 1795, after he had left Cambridge. It seemed that in the company of Wordsworth, Coleridge found the mental peace, security, and environmental harmony. This had resulted in the sudden flowering of his genius, a sudden release of his creative impulses, and he wrote The Ancient Mariner, The Christable, and Kubla Khan.Much about the composition and subject matter of Kubla Khan can be detected from Cole ridges Preface to that poem This fragment with a good deal more, not recoverable, composed, in a sort of reverie brought on by two grains of opium taken to check a dysenteryThis fact raises the issue of the drugs effect on the poets creative imagination. Early critics assumed that there was a bespeak and immediate correlation between opium and imagination. In 1934 M.H. Abrams claimd that the great gift of opium to men equivalent Coleridge was to access to a new world as several(predicate) from this one and one which is ordinary mortal. According to Elizabeth Schneider, opium can only work on what is already there in a mans mind and memory and if he already has a creative imagination and a tendency to recall dreams and visions. Then opium may intensify and focus his perceptions.This last interpretation seems to be the approximately acceptable one, because this is what really happens to Coleridge. Before he began to dream he had been reading the following words of the same subst ance, in Purchass Pilgrimage Here the Khan Kubla commanded a palace to be built, and a stately garden thereunto. And thus ten miles of fertile ground were inclosed within a wall. These words, it is quite apparent, formed the background upon which opium worked, back up Coleridges mind for imagination.The effect opium had on Coleridges mind manifests itself while examining the structure of the poem itself. It quite obvious that the third stanza is entirely different from the prime(prenominal) two ones, as if was written by a human being whereas the other earlier stanzas seem to had been written by a demon or some prophesy hand. Coleridge himself confesses that he couldnt revive the interrupted composition of the first two stanzas that were written under the influence of opium, and that when he returned to his writing all the rest had passed away like images on the surface of a stream. Perhaps thats why we find it a fragmentary work, filled with strange, unusual imagery, and lacking a rational structure its rhythms project a mind vacillating between conscious and unconscious modes of being.Matter of fact Kubla Khan is reliable to different levels of interpretation. First, the poem could be approached as a descriptive poem that shares the common beautiful characteristics and techniques of most romantic poets, especially when describing natural elements. Still Coleridge described the world of Kubla Khan in terms of the old-fashioned Platonic idea of Dualism where the world of material existence is described as the world of shadows, and the world of Ideals as the elevated one.Accordingly, Kubla Khan could be regarded as a beautiful expression of the poets longing for some ultimate beauty combining the work of man with those of nature and those of pure imagination to resurrect lost prototypal worlds within the imagination. In this way the pleasure dome that has been established in fulfillment of the orders of the Tartar Prince can be regarded as an attempt to re ach such(prenominal) an ideal world. Thats why the first stanza opens with a carefully constructed image of a walled garden containing incense bearing trees and forests enclosing sunny spots of putting greenery a description that adds a paradisal spirit into the place Kubla has created. The ideal spirit and holiness of this world has been emphasized in a variety of expressions in affirming that in this stately pleasure dome did Alph, the sacred river, ranThrough caverns measureless to manDown to a sunless seaThe sacredness of this world has been further affirmed by the fact that it is girdled round and protected from undesirable or unharmonious influences.This scene that has been described in the first stanza stands in contrast to the opening lines of the second stanza where the poets entirely contrasts the planned classical artifact of Kubla with the romantic chasm the birthplace of poetic genius and true creativityBut oh That deep romantic chasm which slantedDown the green hill athwart a cedarn coverNow the atmosphere is different the rational order of the garden has been replaced by a scene outdoors the walls, which is savage, wholly, and enchanted. This natural scene is, indeed, a more perfect symbol of the reconciliation of oppositions in the world of imagination, thereby more eternal.In this stanza we are, also, introduced to the source of that sacred river- Alph- which is seen as symbolizing Platos theory of Dualism in terms of Mans journey through life in search for the Ideal world it flows from a mysterious source- (Mans birth)- through a mazy course- (the complexities of life poetically symbolized by the mighty fountain that burst small stones as if breathing)- to sink tumultuously into a lifeless ocean-(the sea of death). amid birth and death Man is overwhelmed by a dream of permanence- (the shadow cast by the dome of pleasure). This very last symbol has been developed in delivering the dome in dream-like terms inaccessible to ManIt was miracle of rare devise,A sunny pleasure-dome with caves of iceThats to say the dome itself- by possessing sunny weather and caves of ice- represent a reconciliation of opposites which is impossible to human life.With the beginning of the third stanza the poem seems to take a new tern of thought. Now it gives us a vivid picture show of a poet caught in a spell of poetic inspiration, who, once in a vision, saw an abyssinian maid playing on her dulcimer and singing of the wild splendour of mount Abora.At this point the poem becomes reliable to another level of interpretation. It is a poem about poetic creation. With this consideration in mind Kubla Khan, who caused a pleasure-dome and elaborated gardens to be constructed in Xanadu, is a type of the artist whose glorious creation becomes a balanced reconciliation of the natural and artificial. Similarly the poet enters the poem- using first person pronoun- in an attempt to establish his own dome. If only, Coleridge laments, he could revive w ithin him the maids lost symphony and song, if only he could recapture the whole current vision instead of just a portion of it, then he would be able to establish that dome in air so that his witnesses would declare him to be divinely inspired and form a circle of worship around him. Being filled with holy dread they would cry

It Was But A Dream Essay Example for Free

It Was But A Dream EssayFrom my home country, attending school is a blessing. It is an opportunity given to those who can. Education is a privilege for those who can afford, and a gift to those who can non. But for a somebody like me, who somehow found having my roll at a book intriguing, college education was a dream. Living that dream is an some other wonderful experience all together. Fellow students and teachers became the drawing force of stirring from deep within. They highlighted that going to school was truly what I wanted. To be constantly surrounded by equally educated individuals continues to tickle the mind.There was just so overmuch to learn. It is not active doing what everybody else does. It is not about having the bragging rights of even attaining an education. It is all about fulfilling what is in my heart. This was my chance to have an education, and as a soul of my country, I simply could not back away. Concepts The first step in achieving ones dreams is to accept all challenges that come along with it. There were clock when you would question if this was what you really wanted for yourself. It is not as easy as the fantasies make you believe.It is hard work. But nothing is ever free. Education is earned as much as everything else that we want to have as our own. The next step is to immerse yourself in the pool. Education, I realized, is not just through the books and the professors. Relating with other students gave the schoolbook definition more in-depth meaning. It gave the whole idea of schooling much deserved essence. Sharing with fellow students what you have learned in class is a childly yet overwhelming experience. In comparison to lower level education, college education is more diverse.Not only are there a wide part of programs and courses to choose from, but there are also a bay window of cultures to learn and understand. Moreover, it is advantageous to be able to relate with these cultures. College was that door to go beyond barriers and closed minds. As a person who is of color, this aspect of cultural differences is an important highlight in further enhancing ones education. Without being able to search beyond the color of ones skin, one fail to comp permitely learn what is there to learn. InferencesBased on my experiences, not only do I dream to have an education, but it would seem that the underlying objective is to understand and to be understood. College education is not just being able to learn Science, English, Mathematics, or Art. My experiences suggested an even bigger and better package. It is learning all that with fellow students. Professors are also studentsin the sense that they learn from their classes as well. According to my perceptions of education, I am an open minded person ever eager to learn more about anything and everything.I have my own field of interest, like any other student, but a student will always give a different idea a chance. Keeping minds closed would be t he greatest nightfall of a college student. Within me, I will always bring my country. But I share that with other volume for them to learn who I am and who my people are. Implications My college experience has been fruitful. It was another beginning to lifes adventures, to learn, to find, and to experience. It was never always an easy task. But at the end of the day, one would find that you gained more than what you gave away.The meshing of friends, students, and educators helped fulfill a lifelong dream. All the hardships, the challenges, the financial ties were all worth it. Earning my college education was not just a dream I fantasize about as a child and a young adult. It was something I really wantedthat make every challenge seem very minimal. The new ideas and friends made in every class and endeavor might become overwhelming. But I always remember that I feel that way because I learned something new. The challenges tire me, but I always take my victories. Point of ViewIn the end of it all, I believe that everyone truly deserves a college education. A lot of individuals find school too tiring. To them, it would always seem that there is too much to do too much to read, too much to write, and too much to secure. Little did they realize that at the end of it all, it is not about having achieved too much. Instead, it is having achieved so much. It is given more than enough effort, more credit, and more attention. That leaves a person worth knowing. As it is said, a person who is education talks very little.There are a lot of other ways to share what you know, and to let people see what you have gained in school. It is unfortunate that more often than not, people fail to realize this reality college is a life changing experience. It is not just the books, the school hours, the tuition, and fees. It is about keeping the mind active. I believe everyone should experience college. There is much nothing to fear except the belief that you cannot achieve anyth ing. I might not have achieved the greatest of awards, but my college experiences are my lifes best teachers. That is considering that even having a college education is but a dream.

Silicon Field Effect Transistor (ncSiFET) in BEOL

Silicon Field Effect Transistor (ncSiFET) in BEOLTremendous research efforts argon ongoing in order to implement and minimal brain damage further bunkalities to computing compounds in CMOS chips. Thus, a challenge is imposed to compete the existing devices in terms of cost and executing. In this project, I propose a novel and rugged cost approach for nanocrystalline Silicon Field Effect Transistor (ncSiFET) establish store board picker implemented in BEOL. During this thesis, the dominanceity of this engineering in terms of performance and production cost will be established.Targeted proficient practical applications Memory selector junction transistorOne of our research group activities in 3IT consists on the development and integration of RRAM with a Complementary Resistive Switch (CRS) planar con anatomyuration in the BEOL of CMOS circuit. My research activity will focuses on keeping selector fabrication needed to carry out the read functioning as subsequent and com plementary function. Several technological approaches have been proposed to fulfill this function with diametric physical concepts, such as diodes, volatile switches, nonlinear devices and transistors. (cf. figure I.1). Owing to the planar configurtion and the nanodamascence fabrication approach of RRAM, our transistor device (ncSiFET) will public assistance from the operate compatibility, so that it thunder mug be implemented in 3D BEOL integration and connected in serial to minimize parasitic leakage catamenia from unselected cells during a read operation,to provide sufficient on- new for the switching of the selected cell and to prevent frequent interference operation and readout errors. The selector and the memory element should be congruous in term of scalability to enable limited leakage current from the unselected memory elements along read and write operations.The requirements for a RRAM selector bear witness several challenges for appropriate integration in a low-co st CMOS-compatible stackable process. A low processing temperature under 400 C must be respected to enable the compatibility with 3-D integration in BEOL. The implementation of selector devices requiring additional process tones is accompanied with bouffant device ara and power dissipation. Moreover, the selector devices can cause a decrease in the current and a slower read operation. A compatibility in terms of in terms of operation polarity (unipolar/bipolar) and switching speed between memory elements and selector devices must be established 2. Others aspects concerning the reliability such as cycling endurance and variant should be taken in consideration.Required electrical performancesA good selector needs to satisfy multiple requirements which argon essentially derived from circuit performance aspect. The previously achieved on/ clear up ratio =104 with our (ncSiFET) 3 can be an asset for memory selector applications since it is on a par with many silicon transistor grou nd selectors 4. This ratio should be improved up to 106, to further enable the operation of large arrays in the architecture. Moreover, a 2.5 A/m value as on-current in our device 3, which can be further enhanced, fits intimately with the range of requirement to sufficiently control the memory operation without speed restriction 5. duration threshold voltage needs to be minimized to enable the reduction of the operation leakage. These properties makes the transistor an effective selector as isolation switch and current limiter. A selector should be able to provide enough stab current as needed for target and RESET operations of the resistive memory cell. Interestingly, a threshold switching selector device has proved to be efficient for solving the leakage current problem with a low off current Taking all these considerations in account, one can say that (ncSiFET) device owns promising characteristics and relevant potential to be integrated in BEOL for RRAM memory selection appli cations. In table I.1, we present further characteristics in as speed, temperature and electrical performances that should be also taken in account during the development of our device.Comparison with technological competitorSilicon transistor based selector The main advantages for this kind of transistors that enable self-compliance are their uplifted ON/OFF ratio with large drive current, appropriate threshold voltage and low power consumption. However, transistor-based selectors present drawbacks in terms of large dimensions and complicated process fabrication 4. Poly-Si cloth has been replaced by postgraduate quality epitaxial PN nationals on crystalline Si, in order to achieve risque Ion/Ioff ratio up to 108 and large on current over 10MA/cm2 beneficial for SET/ RESET operation and rectifiying ability 7, but, these unipolar configurations are not compatible with bipolar switching mode resistive memories. The NPN structure has been proposed to overcome the polarity abbre viate with I on /I off ratio of intimately 4700 8. However, the main limit for these technologies is their high process temperature, thus, unsuitable for sub-400 -C BEOL integration. Metal-oxide schottky diodes Different compositions of metallic element and oxides, such as Pt/HfO 2 /ZrO 2 /TiN or Ni/TiO 2 /Ni have been proposed 6. The conductivity mechanism seized to be based on Schottky emission at the mateal/oxide portholes 8. It was demonstrated that (MIM) incorporating thin oxide shoot down can provide non-linear I-V curve. These configurations are compatible with bipolar switching and suitable with 3D-stackable BEOL integration. However, only low drive current density of about 1MA/cm2 is get toed. Nonlinear devices Considering the requirement to achieve both high current at high voltage as well as very small current corresponding to low voltages, nonlinear devices have been proposed.For all the varieties of this category presented in fig.1, the complexity of fabrication pr ocess and the material selection remain difficult challenges for large area production and integration 4. Thin film transistor (TFT) As an example, RRAM (Ti/Oxide stack/Pt) connected with thin film transistor (transparent amorphous oxide semiconductor (TAOS)) architecture demonstrated good results as current limiter with a storage capability controlled by the amplitude of the TFT introduction voltage 2. The TFT as a technology benefit from the reduced temperature, relatively simple and low cost fabrication process. However, carriers mobility in the canal is the main takings that cause significant impact on the electrical properties of the resulting device. The transistor performances are severely adjoined by high defects density and carrier trap sites which potently figure on the crystallinity, the quality of silicon thin film (a-Si, Poly-S or nc-Si). This is a common problematic to our ncSi channel. (ncSiFET) Our proposed transistor technology is based on nanodamascene approac h, with a nanocrystalline silicon island as a channel separated from metal S/D by a thin tunnel oxide. A proof of feasibility with promising electrical performance is already demonstrated 3. The overall process will be performed at low temperature (The aim of this project is to perform a cost-effective selector device compatible with our resources at 3IT. In this framework, song cause are quite important for electronic transport in the channel, in separate word, switch frequency and the reliability over time. Thus, this important aspect should be taken in account in order to establish the transistor characteristics and to fulfill the requirement for the realization and the application as a memory selector device. One of our project targets is to establish a var. method compatible with high-k/metal top ingress configuration. Strained channel should be carefully designed through process conditions and device geometry.Channel residual draw out effects Residual strain could be ei ther mechanical/intrinsic during the film growth and upon technological process or thermal due the differences in elaborateness coefficient between materials or the auto-heating during the device operation. a) On transport properties in conductor channel For crystalline silicon channel, the strain in the channel of nanotransistor leads to the stretching of atoms bonding in silicon layer. The displacement of silicon atoms can reduces the impact of atomic forces that interfere with the electrons movement and weaken scattering phenomena allowing lower subway and come apart mobility (cf. fig II.1). Charge carriers can move faster in the strained channel resulting in cave in conductivity and low power consumption. In fact, stress induces a change and degeneracy in the capacity bands level of the silicon atoms, causing an anisotropy in effective mass of electrons. Then, light mass and minimal scattering are the main factors for breach mobility (= e/m*) 1. Due to this anisotropy, th e effect of strain depends on its direction with respect to the source-drain current path 2. On the other hand, the alluviation process of nSi-thin film leads to residual strain in the layer ( pliable or compressive). For example, it was account that the conductance of the amorphous material a-Si H channel in TFT transistor growths with tensile stress while it decrease with compressive one 3.In our nc-SiFET device, channel consists on isolated nc-Si 50nm-length and slight than 20nm-thick island deposited and patterned using a combination of e-beam lithography and ICP-etching process. This channel embedded in nanopattern undergo a thermal annealing and Ti metal deposition beforehand (CMP) polishing process leading to confined island from both side of the metal nanowires. Dielectric gate layers (Si 3 N 4 ) or high-k insulator (HfO 2 , Al 2 O 3 ) can be incorporate on the top of the structure in our process followed by gate deposition. In our project, metals materials can be depo sited using evaporation or splutter techniques, whereas, dielectric layers can be fabricated by PECVD, LPCVD, sputtering or ALD. It is worthy to note that the induced residual strain of each region strongly depend on the choice of the deposition technique, process parameters, layer thickness as well as thermal post treatment. All these process specifications strongly affect the transport properties of the channel. Hence, a careful analysis of the channel mobility based on Hall effect measurements as a function of different process specification should be addressed (figure II.2). A design of experiments would be performed jointly with the process fabrication.In this framework, several local strain techniques have been employed that can resemble our project. It was reported that shallow trench isolation technique -or box isolation technique- consisting on a sequence of trenches patterning to be filled by a deposited materials and removal of spare parts using CMP, creates isolation and can exert compressive stress on the channel 5. Also, SiN capping layers on top of the gate with intrinsic stress can induce strain into MOS channels and enlarge the distance between atoms underneath the gate which enhance the electron mobility 6. Based on these reported results, we can assume that our sequence of fabrication processes can induce further stress on the nanocrystallline silicon island channel. In order to precisely identify the effects of strain on our (ncSiFET) channel transport, we should take in account the contribution of all the steps that can take part of the channel residual strain in our process i.e nanoscale island embedded in the trench, thermal annealing, chemical mechanical polishing and the effect of capping layer stack.On conduction mechanism between the electrical contacts and active regionThe strain in the active layer of the channel can induce variations in terms of band gap, electrons effective mass, affinity and the density of states. It is prov ed that strain can cause a local band gap shrinking and a change in bands form along the channel 7. Based on Kane model for band to band tunneling, the current is a function of band gap and effective mass change 8. Hence, we can assume that the induced strain in our island channel can promote the conduction mechanism by direct tunneling through the potential barrier lowering. For our structure, inducing strain in (ncSi) channel can alter the potential barrier, state density and charge population between the thin tunnel oxide / ncSi interface as well as the gate dielectric/ncSi interface in our (ncSiFET) device. The reduction of a-Si island resistivity can enhance the contact resistance between the island and Ti source and drain terminals.I.2 Deposition methods equality In our case, the channel is a nanodimensional island deposited in a trench. For such nano-topography, uniform thickness on non-planar bob ups with step conformal coverage, space filling and damage-free process are required. In general, the evolution of stresses in thin films is a dynamic competition between tensile and compression effects during deposition. The strain in the film depends on different criteria such as grains sizing, micovoids, disorder. species mobility and deposition rate. Stress varies significantly with process conditions. At 3IT, several deposition techniques are available either chemical of physical based processes. We discuss the implications of each techniques on the nanodimensional (nc-Si) island strain as well as distribution and filling aspect.LPCVD based on heat activation at high temperature (500 C). Low gas pressure reduce gas-phase reaction which lead to low deposition rate and cause particle clusters. LPCVD Si thin film are isotropic and compact, but with abject step coverage 9. Such high temperature and low deposition rate lead to the relaxation of the ordered film and thus, the eradication of strain effect. Thermal or e-beam evaporation requires heating or e lectron bombardement of source material to reach evaporation and transform into the gaseous phase (low energy atoms 0.1 eV) and then condensed and adsorbed on the substrate surface. The deposited film is characterised by poor uniformity and density with stoichiometrical problem due to the diffference in vapor pressure 9. This process is better dedicated to thin film rather thick one, and chracterised by small strain effect at the initial stage of the growth 10.Sputtering employs the shelling of a solid target by energetic particles gas ions (1 10 eV). Despite the good uniformity and stochiometry, this process gives rise to dense film with poor directionality 9. In sputtered films, the ion bombardment of the surface at the initial stage of the film growth may lead to high strain aspect consisting on quite large compressive stresses where a tendency of film edges expansion is contracted back by the substrate 11.PECVD species decomposition can be carried out at lower temperatures (a round 300 C) with high deposition rates and energetic species with high sticking coefficient. This process provides good film quality with conformal aspect and good step coverage 9. The resulting film at such low temperature and high deposition rate is prevented from relaxation and remains in strain, unlike high temperature process. Moreover, similar to sputtering technique ion bombardement may lead to further strain. The lack of surface diffusion may induce a high voids concentration which induce further strain in the film 10. The interaction of atoms in the channel amorphous silicon film creates tensile strain, whereas the insertion of atoms causes compressive stresses 12. Taking all the mentionned specifications, we may confirm the potential of PECVD technique to fabricate for nanodimensional ncSi channel island in nanotrench with involutioning strain characteristics.In order to fulfill the cost and performance requirements of (ncSiFET) transistor for memory selector applicatio n (vs state of the art), process development and device improvement are demanded. In this project, we pay special attention to physical dimensions and materials properties that determine the characteristics of our devices.Improvements of (ncSiFET) transistorCes reponses sont a relier avec l optiisation deja evoque a la question2Before citing the general strategy for device improvements, we present in figure III.1 the proposed structure accompagned with an overview about the electrical characteristics of (ncSiFET) transistor.*Channel enlarge the grains size (80nm), minimize defects density inside the grain = optimization of a-Si deposition + RTA annealing + post-deposition H 2 plasma /Ge incorporation-form narrow channel of about 100 nm in the range grain size, making sure to avoid the effects of the short channels = EBL patterning of 100nm-box size*Tunnel oxide longer motion-picture show duration up to 2 h to ambient air + annealing = more compact film with less defects and better stoichiometry*Gate dielectric -minimize EOT and increase of Cox = implementation of high-K(20) ALD HfO 2-reduce defects at high-K ox/ncSi formation for plasma induced layer instead of native SiO x = N 2 pretreatment before ALD + anneal for adhesion and interface species desorption*Top gate -minimize source/ top Al gate Loverlap =EBL3 design +alignment*Metal S/D less tunnel oxide consumption due to metal contact= replacing Ti with TiN S/D sputtering + annealing for better contact resistance and ohmic contact* Minimize parasitic contents (Cgs, Cgd, Cp) (MIM) to enhance switching frequency (f c )Semi-quantitative aspects*Ion (better channel mobility, less Dit , optimized strain, lower barrier/contact resistance, better tunnel)Based on coulomb diamond measurements and comsol simulation, replacing the lateral/back gates previously adopted with 86nm SiO 2 as gate dielectric by a top gate with thinner gate dielectric 62.*Ioff We need to maintain I off range or slightly improve it with m inimizing Ntrap or adopt slightly longer channel (100nm)*S.S (Small EOT5nm , higher Cox , reduced gate overlap , better interfaces) An increase of gate stack capacitance Cg allows better gate modulation at low Vgs, high carriers density in the channel, leading to high performance and low power consumption. The gate dielectric capacitance is described as follow whereas the equivalent oxide thickness for high-K dielectric is expressed as. As an estimation an expression for subthreshold swing parameter is given as renew the 86nm SiO 2 (K=3.9) by a 20nm HfO 2 (K20) as gate dielectric, leads to a EOT=4.87 and an increase of C ox by a factor (x18). Thus, S.S can reach 250mV/dec.Comparaison a-Si PECVD vs. a-Si LPCVD At 3IT, chemical deposition techniques, mainly LPCVD and PECVD are employed for silicon thin layer growth. It is important for our project to distinguish the relevant film properties, as well as, the implication on device performance for each technique.Electrical Properties In general, amorphous silicon thin films deposited by PECVD at low temperature (200-300C) are disordered with a defect density in the range of 1018 cm-3 and hopping based conduction mechanism. The resulting film are usually under stress due to high deposition rate and ion bombardment. Whereas, LPCVD films deposited at relatively high temperature (600C) are more ordered with a lower defect density of about 1015 cm-3 and activation conduction mechanism 4. Due to high temperature and low deposition rate a relaxation occurs in the film leading to low strain effect. Low field mobility of about 0.1-1cm2 V-1 S-1 in such amorphous material is mainly attributed to punctual defects such dangling bonds and dislocations. Different other allotropic varieties are of interest for our channel mainly polycrystalline and nanocrystalline silicon can be obtained depending on process parameters. On one hand, poly-Si consists on a network of crystalline grains haphazard oriented and separated by grains bou ndaries which are regions with high defects and dangling bonds concentrations. On the other hand, nc-Si film are formed by crystalline grains of nanoscale size ( 50 nm-diameter) incorporated in an amorphous matrix with a grain crystalline fraction of up to 60% 5. These changes in crystalline phase and microstructure imply a significant enhancement in field mobility from 50 up to 300cm2 variation of film microstructure along depth can be manifested, where the interface (nucleation phase) is formed a dominant amorphous phase or very small grains, but, as the growth evolves and the film becomes thicker, the size of the grains increases 6. This difference in structure between the interface and the bulk of the film may have implications on electrical conduction, since carriers moving through amorphous phases, result in low mobility, whereas, the transport through the large grain give rise to high mobility (figure III.1) For our ncSi channel thin film(Impact on device performances In simi lar case to our ncSi channel, it was demonstrated, that the main origins of mobility degradation in poly-Si channel are Coulomb scattering due to defects inside the grain (D it ) -point defects or dislocations- or defects at the grain boundaries (Ntrap), as well as the surface roughness at the ncSi / gate oxide interface (Nit). On the one hand, defects inside the grains as the dominant limiting factor on electrons mobility control the on-current (Ion) value. On the other hand, defects at the grain boundaries (Ntrap) generate a Trap-Assisted Tunneling (TAT) mechanism in the (ncSi) channel, which degrades the off-current (Ioff) and the value of (S.S). Moreover, the traps at the interface (Nit) reduce the control of the grid which strongly affects (S.S) and (Ion) 7.

Contradicting Theories On Choking Under Pressure Psychology Essay

Contradicting Theories On Choking Under Pressure Psychology EssayFor some(prenominal) decades, the relationship between stress and carrying out gained much attention. Numerous psychological researches provided evidence for the anecdotal phenomenon that twitch prejudiciously affects cognitive and motor control during performance. This phenomenon is know as choking chthonic pressure, defined as performing more poorly than expected, in situations where performance pressure is at a maximum, given at ones skill level.Contradicting theories on choking under pressureA widely accepted explanation for choking under pressure in cognitive assigns is the bewilderment hypothesis (Wine, 1971). In accordance to distraction theories, it is proposed in high-pressure situations, the individuals attention motivatinged to perform the task at hand is coopted by task extraneous thoughts and worries such as worries about the situation and its consequences that drags to choking which harm their pe rformances. (Beilock Carr, 2001 Lewis Linder, 1997 Wine, 1971). Essentially, pressure creates a dual-task environment in which situation-related concerns compete with the attention required to accomplish the task at hand. distraction-based accounts of skill failure propose that performance pressure affects concentration from the main task that one is trying to perform to irrelevant cues. Therefore, there ar insufficient working memory resources to successfully support both primary task performance and to deal with worries about the pressure situation and its consequences under pressure which results in skill failure.Although there is evidence that pressure prompts failure by sidetracking attention away from skill performance, a contradicting class of theories has been put forth as an alternate explanation for skill failure. Baumeister (1984) proposed a self-focus theory called intelligible-monitoring theory which claims the opposite that pressure could inuence the performance o f skilled individuals by causing them to eng advance explicit processes that interfere with carrying out the procedure such as increase in their self- consciousness and anxiety about performing well (Gray, 2004 Masters, 1992) which in turn leads performers to mark their attention on skill execution to ensure optimal result (Beilock Carr, 2001). This focus on the oneself is thought to prompt individuals to turn their focus inward on the precise processes of performance in an effort to apply more explicit monitoring and control than would be applied in a non-pressure situation.RationaleDistraction and explicit monitoring theories of choking under pressure pose very different mechanisms of skill failure. While distraction theories suggest that pressure influence performance by shifting attention and working memory resources away from it, explicit monitoring theories suggest that pressure shifts too much attention toward skill processes and procedures. besides it is unclear as to whe ther distraction or explicit monitoring will impact performance, even though both mechanisms have tendencies to occur in authentic contexts.We believe that pressure can do both in aspects of the performance environment itself. Distracting thoughts, explicit monitoring, or even both will be lead to depending on the specific elements of stress suffered in high-pressure situations as it may essentially involve multiple components therefore, exerting multiple cases. The questions as to whether performance fail or succeed, and how this failure will occur, rest on aspects of the pressure situation and the required attention for the task being performed.AimThe aim of the experiment is to study the effect of different levels of pressure inflicted by an audience on peoples performance ( raillery count and accuracy) in a typing task.Experimental outlineThis study was conducted on a total of 102 undergraduate psychology students, of which 54 were females and 48 were males. The participants ranged from 17 to 55 years of age (Mean=20.51 years SD=6.28). The participants performed a typing task under 3 dierent environments which is no pressure, low pressure and high pressure in random order. The no pressure condition involves participants typing while the projector screen was turned off, so no one else in the room could see what they were typing. In the low pressure condition, the screen was turned on, so the rest of the class could see what was being typed. In the high pressure condition, the class crowded around the participant as they typed. In each condition, they are allocated a script of text which they need to replicate as much and as accurately as possible in the time allocated (45 seconds). Quality of performance is analyzed by counting the payoff of manner of speaking typed and errors made.HypothesisWe hypothesize that pressure have a negative impact on performance. In no pressure condition, we predict that the participants would come upon the highest word c ount with lowest number of errors, whereas in high pressure condition, we predict that the participants would achieve the lowest word count with highest number of errors.DiscussionThe results showed that the number of words typed was significantly affected by pressured condition. Participants performance speed was fastest in the low pressure condition compared to the high-pressure condition. The results showed that accuracy was significantly affected by pressure condition. As for the participants accuracy, it was greater in the no-pressure condition compared to the low-pressure and the high-pressure condition. As such, the results of this study support the hypothesis proposed.These findings are consistent with the study conducted by Gray (2004) who examined how expert baseball players batted in a baseball simulator in both low-pressure and high-pressure conditions. Gray (2004) found an increase in hit errors and movement variability under high pressure, relative to low-pressure sit uation suggesting that pressure negatively affects performance.As with the baseball players, we believe that our participants also experienced distracting thoughts and/or explicit monitoring under pressure which interrupted their performance. As a result, the participants experience a decrease in typing speed hence, produced less word count and made more errors while typing.Strengths of the experimentThis experiment assessed both male and female which rules out any possible gender difference. With the wide age range of 17 to 55 years of age, it also rules out age difference. Also, by manipulating the pressure environment, individuals will focus on the process of performance versus the issuance of performance, allowing us to study different aspects affecting ones performance in pressure-filled situations.Improvement to the experimentA larger sample size would have enabled us to achieve more accurate results.SignificanceThis study enables us to better understand performance failure, and ways to prevent it across a variety of skill types and situations, from a student taking a final exam paper to a professional athlete playing on the field. Such developed knowledge aid the improvement of training regiments and performance strategies designed to lighten these choking performances as such reducing the possibility of failure.Understanding the reason choking occurs is important for exploitation training methods to deal with it. Understanding skill failure and success under pressure may give a clear view on the similarities and differences in the cognitive control structures underlying a diverse set of skills. Furthermore, by uncovering the mechanisms thats leading pressure-induced failure, we can also further our understanding of how emotional and motivational factors combine with memory and attention processes to impact skill learning and performance. An understanding of how the performance environment modifies cognitive processes not only advances our understand ing of the choking under pressure phenomenon explicitly but also provides an perception into related situations in which performance unintentionally falters, ranging from test anxiety to the threat of conforming to a negative stereotype. Finally, these ndings suggest an important avenue for future research working toward an all-embracing theory of when performance will fail versus succeed under stressful situations.

Two different concepts of power and authority

Two divers(pre no.inal) concepts of source and em military groupment force and allowance atomic number 18 twain different concepts but they be closely related.Power is completely different from berth because tycoon is needed in order to establish authority.Power is defined as ability of individuals or groups to get what they want despite the opposition. Power is derived from a variety of sources including fellowship, experience and environmental uncertainties (Denhardt et al, 2001). It is also important to recognize that agent is proper(postnominal) to each situation. Individuals or groups that may be entirely powerful in one(a) situation may find themselves with little or no power in a nonher. The manager of Super Fine Pty Ltd, who is my Dad, is a perfect example. In running the company, he shtup exercise the managerial power to run the company. Power is difficult to measure and even to recognize, yet it plays a major role in explaining authority. In organizations, po wer is most likely exercised in situations where the stakes are high, resources are limited, and goals and processes are un recognize (Denhardt et al, 2001). The absence of power in organizations forces us to rely on soley hierarchical authority.When power baffles legitimate, it is then recognized as authority (Denhardt et al, 2001). Power becomes authority when it is judgeed and even desired by society. As stated by the course study notes, authority refers to a situation where a person (or group) has been representally granted a drawship position. An individual has authority when everyday norms and regulations support the exercising of power by that individual. In an organizational setting, authority is hierarchal and vested in positions, which are defined by organizational charts, positions and rules. Generally, power in authority also involves the possibility of rewards such as promotions and good proceeding reviews. The negative view of this is that it also presents the p ossibility of punishments, such as disciplinary actions and demotions. Power by focusing of authority is a more formal form of power. Authority digits within an organization are granted a train of power which individuals must comply with.Power in Organizations-Power is the ability of one person to ascertain another. They crowd out use this power to become loss attractions and to manage businesses. Power also brings influence on the behavior and attitudes of other the great unwashed. This can be applied to customers and/or suppliers. The demand for power is common among the business world. in that delight in is a difference in power and authority. Only people who pay formal positions name authority, whereas all people at any level of an organized company have the power to influence other people. Authority is power. It is power on another level. Power is obvious and unders in like mannerd, enchantment authority is vested in a particular position. An example of such a posi tion of authority would be the CEO of a company or a GM. The distinguishing aspect however lies between the position and the need to become more powerful.Where on that point is power, thither are also consequences that go along with it. It depends on how the power is used and to whom it is inflicted. The consequences range from a number of general effects. There are three specific examples of this. They are commitment, compliance, and resistance. Power is the stronghold for the three fold outcome that is brought on through consequences.Commitment-Commitment can be as simple as pas clock time through with the task at hand or lack thereof. It is best defined in this way, when the followers welcome the influence process and accept it as reason fitted and legitimate. Commitment can be shown through an employees ability to complete the task they are given by the person with more power than they possess. They go away compound their ideals to match that of the higher authority. If the CEO of a company says that his proposal is going to change, in the mind of the employee, they agree to change theirs as well. The employees, or people of lower authority, believe in the success of the company, they are fully committed the leaders ideas. The outcome of commitment is accepting without a doubt that any(prenominal) the leader says goes.Compliance-Compliance determines asking nearone to do something or perform a job, but they are not committed to it. They go along with their leader simply because they have to it is party of their job. They could be doing it out of fear that they may fail or become jobless if they do not follow through. What word form of leader wants their co- players to appear weak and not as dedicated as they should be? That is why the business leaders of the world want the best they can get? No boss wants to ask twice or to complain about an employee who, to put it simply, just doesnt care profuse.Resistance-Resistance defines when people do not act ively agree with their leader or authority figure and passively resist it. This can affect their efficiency as a worker and can set a poor example for the rest of the employees around them. They can set a low standard of thinking that they do not have to do the job because there are other people who can do it instead. They may have the mindset that they are superior or too busy to deal with something that they do not fully agree with. This particular consequence is crucial to the reputation and status of the employee within the company.Relationship between power and leadership-One important factor within power and leadership is the distribution of power. In organizations today, they feel that concentrated power can be detrimental to an organizations work. When I say this I mean that more equal power should be distributed throughout the company, bringing about a higher performance in an organizations operating systems, to behave decisions. Power should be equally distributed throug hout, with the exception of the authority figures. If companies didnt have CEOs or managers, there would be too numerous power starving people and much more chaos. They keep the business flow organized. They make sure that their employees follow through with their jobs and support the businesss purpose.Within distribution of power, there are differences in the slipway civilizations view its importance. For example, in some cultures the implementation of power sharing is likely to face more obstacles in a culture where sub ordinance do not rely heavily on their superiors.refrence This is contrary to the common culture that most of us know in our world. For example, in the United States, people would be more likely to respond to managers that they favour or take liking to.On the contrary, people in overseas countries would be more likely to follow directions that are given by managers who have authentic power or authority. This goes to show how cultural influence has not solitary( prenominal) an obvious affect, but a psychological one as well. It can propose ideas that need to be honored because the culture believes that it is a better way of doing things. They believe that if they perform a certain way, they are doing things the best way.Within power in leadership, I have stated the reasons and consequences that appear most relevant. In most companies, the want for power is greatly desired. The more powerful one individual is, the more successful and respected they become. They have a greater influence to the people who follow them, who are looking for a way to find a safe position of status. They need to feel that they are efficient enough to do their job and to make sure people see that quality in them.Sources of power within leadership-Sources of power are part of the sulphur focal point within power and leadership. There are five genuine sources of power. They are legitimate power, reward power, coercive power, expert power, and referent power. any of these prove to be valid in getting a deeper insight to the sources of power. The second aspect within sources of power is using individual sources of power. Sources are set forth below as follows-Legitimate power Legitimate power is based on person holding a formal position. Others may comply because they accept the legitimacy of the position of the power holder. it is going to have the most fulfilments out of all other powers. It is better described as having power, but abilities to give rewards and punishments are limited. in one case leaders lose their position of authority, they lose their influential meaning for others.Reward power- Reward power is based on a persons recover to rewards. Others comply because they want the rewards the power holder can offer.Once the access to the rewards or punishment is taken away by the organization, people start to resist the leader and his demands. This by far is one of the worst powers to orchestrate your company due to the potential res istance level of the employees situation.Coercive power- Coercive power is persistent by persons ability to punish. Others comply because they fear punishment.It also has the potential reaction for resistance. Punishment serves as an intimidator in this case. Fear of punishment is not the same as respect of authority. Employees are more likely to resist when they know that they provide be punished because it takes away their dignity and respect for themselves in a working environment.Expert power-Expert power depends on a persons expertise, competence, and information in a certain stadium. Others comply by, they believe in the power holders knowledge and competence. This power shows as having a potential reaction in the compliance area. If a leader proves to be educated and well trained in an area of business, the employees will abide and follow his wants and demands. If not however, the drive to succeed and meet the demands is absent.Referent power-Referent power is influenced by persons attractiveness to find a friendship with others. Others comply because they respect and like the power holder. This type of power has the best potential for committed employees. They agree with their surroundings and the people who hold authority over them. It is not like an intimidating or difficult work place, but one that agrees with their skills and beliefs. When the superior and employee get along and hold a race that is positive, it accounts for a mutual understanding of the business requirements.Along with these five sources, there is the individual source and how it is used. Influence comes into play because it is related to power. Power brings about change in compatibility. Powerful leaders could or could not influence subordinates behaviors, or influence can occur without a specific source of power. Personal ingathering depends on referent power and usually occurs with co-workers. This is likely to relate to commitment. Inspiration and influence persuade worke rs, while superiors moderate their organizations.There are different ways of the power to come from either internal or external. It stems forth from great leadership skills and a dependable foundation. To form the analysis of why there is power, there are five sources which are tied inDark side of power-The dark side of power is the major phase within leadership. There are different reasons of it which brings consequences and solutions that go along with it. This does not mean that all power is used with the same mind set. Some is used for the common upbeat of all people, while other forms are one sided. Basically the grey side of power is when leaders succeed at the employees expense. Without accountability, excessive power brings many negative consequences. Too much power is blamed for different spoils, ranging from financial waste, fraud and sexual harassment.Some of the causes such dark side comes from leaders, who create the hold from others. They put their abilities up on a pedestal, portraying their view of themselves as being superior to others around them. One of the biggest causes power addiction is due to too much praise of the leader for simple things, flattering that the leader is always right. Another is when the leader imposes his thought above all others, considering his junior is incapable because whatever he says goes. A prime example of such a corruption is allowing a retired CEO to come back and receive benefits and all of the company incentives, while stepping down from the CEO position.Consequences of dark side of power-There are also some consequences of dark side of the power. On a general level, having a distance from others in the organization itself leads to poor decision making because they lack the information needed to make good judgments. Another consequence of excessive power is a sense of immorality they consider themselves subject to different rules than their subordinates which creates unethical and illegal behavior in lead ers while expecting their subordinates to follow instruction at every cost. One last consequence is the devaluing to followers. Jeopardizing their self-worth to better the superiors standings is another way to put it. This can result in an overly assumed sense of dominate that makes the follower feel weak and incompetent.Some of the solutions are that could narrow the gap between followers and leaders is to involve them in day-to-day activities, minimizing the followers dependency on the leader, and involving outsiders in decision making. These things can help up to some extent to prevent excessive centralization of power and abuse.Through the causes, consequences, and solutions associated with the dark side of power, discussion can be evaluated for many things. They are just three ways to divide what the dark side of power actually is and who culprit is associated with it. Once deeper understanding about the dark side of power has gained, preventions and modifications can be impl emented to deter these things from coming between a leader and a follower.Everyone wants to become a leader to have a superiority complex and respect by other subordinates. Being leader and a superior is great fulfillment to our self-esteem due to the reason that power to control over things and demand of whatever we want and we gain respect from the others. But we must put in our mind that being a leader, it is not an easy to perform by everyone. The essence of being a leadership is to come down at subordinates level and listen to them in order to inspire in working. As a leader they must see it that they are accessible and available all the time to their subordinates.Effective leader-To become an effective leader, a leader should possess some skills in managing their people. These skills include communication, trustworthy and confidence. Leader must provide clear instructions to their subordinates and provide some insights about the nature of their work, let them know about the wo rth of their work for the organization and how they will be able to result the progress of their inception or their company. Good leaders are not born, they are made. They must undergo a process of thorough self-examining, education, training and experience, it helps them to make their subordinates in determining their work and become focus in everything they do. In these processes the teamwork will be enhanced. The leaders must also know and aware of some specific things in order to make him an effective leader.He should have the understanding about the difference between leader and a boss, where being a leader his follower aim high to achieve the goal while being a boss the subordinates will become intimidate and not able to give their best. Leadership is applicable to all aspects as long there are group that are working together. A group must have a leader in order to have there is a systematic flow of organizations. In applying effective leadership into a certain institution l ike managing or running a school, there must be a leader who will guide the people in their doing and to have a systematic outcome. In a school culture, leadership is very important for the reason that they are molding the next generation leader. For which, effective leadership skills, the headmasters must be capable enough in handling their subordinates. Where the headmasters must be approachable and available at all time moreover being a leader they should segregate the information to their subordinates having clear instructions. With this proper communication, the subordinates will be able to give their best. For instance, if there is conflict arising between of their subordinates it can easily set apart through a proper counseling in that case it will not become bigger. Furthermore, if there are any complaints from the students it can easily figure out. With regards to this situation the subordinates will be competing with each other but instead they are working as teamwork.Con clusion-Through an effective leadership it will make the subordinates to become responsible and independent to work their job. Having an effective leadership of a certain management it attracts lots of competent people applying in different position, in this case it will uplift the standard of an institution that there are lots of people will be trusting them and gain respect which is a fulfillment of being a leader where we can learn a lesson that is worth to keep.Refrences-Yung-Shui, Wang, and Huang Tung-Chun. 2009. THE RELATIONSHIP OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP WITH GROUP COHESIVENESS AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE. kind Behavior Personality An International Journal 37, no. 3 379-392.Yukongdi, Vimolwan. 2010. A study of Thai employees preferred leadership style. Asia Pacific Business Review 16, no. 1/2 161-181Kanji, Gopal K. 2008. Leadership is prime How do you measure Leadership Excellence?. Total Quality Management Business Excellence 19, no. 4 417-427Belaya, Vera, and Jon Henr ich Hanf. 2009. The two sides of power in business-to-business relationships implications for supply chain management. Marketing Review 9, no. 4 361-381.Bunderson, J. Stuart. 2003. TEAM MEMBER FUNCTIONAL BACKGROUND AND INVOLVEMENT IN MANAGEMENT TEAMS DIRECT EFFECTS AND THE MODERATING ROLE OF POWER CENTRALIZATION. Academy of Management Journal 46, no. 4 458-474Ingram, Thomas N., Raymond W. LaForge, and Jr., Charles H. Schwepker. 2007. SALESPERSON ETHICAL ratiocination MAKING THE IMPACT OF SALES LEADERSHIP AND SALES MANAGEMENT CONTROL STRATEGY. Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management 27, no. 4 301-315.Denhardt, R.B, Denhardt, J.V. Aristigueta M.P. (2001). Managing merciful Behavior in Public and Nonprofit Organization. Sage Publications. Thousand Oaks, CA.Global leadership and personal power by Jeffrey grandz- iveybusiness journal.

The Voice of the Sea in The Awakening Essay -- Chopin Awakening Essay

The Voice of the Sea in The Awakening Many contrasting symbols were utilized in Kate Chopins The Awakening to illustrate the underlying themes and internal conflict of the characters. One constant and re-emerging symbol is the sea. The voice of the sea is seductive, never ceasing, whispering, clamoring, murmuring, inviting the soul to rank for a spell in abysses of solitude to lose itself in mazes of inward contemplation. The voice of the sea speaks to the soul. The touch of the sea is sensuous, enfolding the body in its soft, shutdown embrace (Chopin 25). In the novel, the oceanic symbolizes Ednas awakening to a life filled with freedom and independence (Nickerson). On a hot summer evening Robert and Edna go bathing. Although Edna does not wish to go and initially declines his offer, something inside is compelling her to go down to the water. It is there in the seductive ocean that Ednas awakening begins. A true light was beginning to dawn dimly within her... she was be ginning to realize her position in the universe as a human being and to make do her relations as an individual to the world within and about her (Chopin 25). That warm ocean environment is in direct contrast to the responsibilities and rules of the cold, hard city. And it is there in that relaxed and forgiving atmosphere that Edna can explore her new found freedoms. While relaxing on the beach with Mrs. Ratignolle, the sight of the endless ocean brings back memories from Ednas childhood. She absolutely recalls a summer day in Kentucky and a meadow that seemed as big as the ocean to the very little girl...and I felt as if I must walk on forever without coming to th... ... on, thinking of the bluegrass meadow...believing that it had no beginning and no end (Chopin 190). It is there in the ocean that she first realizes her physical, mental, and senseal potential. It is only natural that the water, which has seduced her with its sound reclaims her. Throughout the story the oc ean represented Ednas constant struggle for self-realization and independence. From her first flow of emotion on the beach to her last breath of life in the sea, the ocean beckons her. The voice of the sea lures her onward in her journey toward liberation and empowerment. Works Cited Bloom, Harold. Kate Chopin. modernistic York Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. 1993 Bedford Books, New York. Nickerson, Meagan. Romanticism in The Awakening, The Kate Chopin Project. America On-line. February 2000.

the good earth type 2 journal :: essays research papers

The salutary EarthType Two JournalThe Good EarthWang Lung, Olan, Lotus, UncleAre we not to see the moth-browed bride?Pg.24Tactless- The uncle is tactless because everyone already expects a farmers wife to be unattractive and he has no regret to mock his nephew.This woman is well enoughPg.28Content- Wang Lung becomes content with his wife when he learns that she cares for him more than anyone else.When I return to that house it give be with my son in my arms. I shall have a red coat on him and red-flowered trousers and on his head a hat with a small gilded Buddha sewn on the front Pg.34Pretentious- Olan is pretentious because she wants to show the great house that she is no longer the slave that they knew, but she is a successful wife that has borne a healthy infantile son.Thus everyone will know I have a sonPg.39Proud- Wang lung is proud to have a son as his first child. It is a token of good fortune, and he wants the word of his son and good fortune to be known to everyone.I w ill tell your words to the whole village Pg.66Coercive- The uncle coerces Wang Lung to handsome him money by threatening him to tell the village that Wang Lung cursed his whole family, his flesh and blood.My nephew there he has silver and he has food, but he will give none of it to us, not even me, and my children, who are his own bone and flesh.Pg.77Contemptuous- The uncle is becomes contemptuous after his second visit to Wang Lung asking for money. After he is sullen away with nothing he attempts to turn the village upon him their hunger forcing them to scorn him for having food.There and there and there That is for a thief Pg.119Reproachful- He is reproachful of his children for s get downer themselves by stealing. He does not know how to be proud of someone that steals.There is nothing to sell except the girl.Pg.124Truthful- Olan is truthful to Wang Lung by telling him that the scarcely way to get back to the land in their current situation is to sell their only girl to slave ry.If I had the gold and the silver and the jewel, I would subvert land with it, good land, and I would bring forth harvests from the land Pg.130Sincere- Wang Lung is sincere because he would not buy luxuries for himself, but instead he would but land that would sustain all generations to come and could never be taken away.